Which of the following can best explain the underlined word “dow

Read the following passage and choose the most likely answer to each of the following questions.

        Honesty may be the best policy, but lying has its merits—even when we are deceiving ourselves. Numerous studies have shown that those who are practiced in the art of self-deception might be more successful in the spheres of sport and business. They might even be happier than people who are always true to themselves. But is there ever a downside to believing our own lies?
        A study by Zoe Chance of Yale University tested the idea, by watching what happens when people cheat on tests.
        Chance and her colleagues ran experiments which involved asking students to answer IQ and general knowledge questions. Half the participants were given a copy of the test paper which had—apparently “in error”一been printed with the answers listed at the bottom. This meant they had to resist the temptation to check or improve their answers against the real answers as they went along.
        As you’d expect, some of these participants couldn’t help but cheat. Collectively, the group that had access to the answers performed better on the tests than participants who didn’t一even though both groups of participants were selected at random from students at the same university, so were, on average, of similar ability. We can’t know for sure who was cheating—probably some of the people who had answers would have got high scores even without the answers—but it means that the average performance in the group was partly down to individual smarts, and partly down to having the answers at hand.
        The crucial question for Chance’s research was this: did people in the “cheater” group know that they’d been relying on the answers? Or did they attribute their success in the tests solely to their own intelligence?
        The way the researchers tested this was to ask the students to predict how well they’d do on a follow-up test. They were allowed to quickly glance over the second test sheet so that they could see that it involved the same kind of questions—and, importantly, that no answers had been “mistakenly” printed at the bottom this time. The researchers reasoned that if the students who had cheated realized that cheating wasn't an option the second time around, they should predict they wouldn't do as well on this second test.

        Not so. Self-deception won the day. The people who’d had access to the answers predicted, on average, that they’d get higher scores on the follow-up—equivalent to giving them something like a 10-point IQ boost. When tested, however, they scored far lower.
        The researchers ran another experiment to check that the effect was really due to the cheaters’ inflated belief in their own abilities. In this experiment, students were offered a cash reward for accurately predicting their scores on the second test. Sure enough, those who had been given the opportunity to cheat overestimated their ability and lost out—earning 20% less than the other students.
        The implication is that people in Chance’s experiment—people very much like you and me—had tricked themselves into believing they were smarter than they were. There may be benefits from doing this—confidence, satisfaction, or more easily gaining the trust of others—but there are also disadvantages. Whenever circumstances change and you need to accurately predict how well you’ll do, it can cost to believe you’re better than you are.
        That self-deception has its costs has some interesting implications. Morally, most of us would say that self-deception is wrong. But aside from whether self-deception is undesirable, we should expect it to be present in all of us to some degree (because of the benefits), but to be limited as well (because of the costs).
        Self-deception isn't something that is always better in larger doses—there must be an amount of it for which the benefits outweigh the costs, most of the time. We’re probably all self-deceiving to some degree. The irony being, because it is self-deception, we can’t know how often.

Which of the following can best explain the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 1?（  ）

Benefit.

Disadvantage.

Possibility.

Disconnection.

本题考查词义理解。

根据题干中的“downside” in Paragraph 1回文定位到第一段。分析语境，诚实也许是最好的策略，但即使我们在欺骗自己，撒谎也有其优点。大量研究表明，那些自欺欺人的人可能在体育和商业领域更成功。他们甚至可能比那些永远忠于自己的人更幸福。但是，相信自己的谎言有什么...吗？。从“but"可知与前文意思有转折，前边说的是好处，那么这里表达的是：“相信自己的谎言有什么坏处吗”。所以B选项Disadvantage ”缺点，坏处“符合题意，故选B。